<item><hi format=bold>Independence:</hi> 13 March 1921 (from China)
<item><hi format=bold>National holiday:</hi> National Day, 11 July (1921)
<item><hi format=bold>Constitution:</hi> adopted 13 January 1992
<item><hi format=bold>Legal system:</hi> blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
<item><hi format=bold>Suffrage:</hi> 18 years of age; universal
<item><hi format=bold>Executive branch:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>chief of state:</hi> President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); election last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); results—Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with 57.8% of the vote; other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)
<item>• <hi format=ital>head of government:</hi> Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Lhamsuren ENEBISH and Choijilsurengiyn PUREVDORJ (since NA)
<item>• <hi format=ital>cabinet:</hi> Cabinet; appointed by the Great Hural
<item><hi format=bold>State Great Hural:</hi> elections first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(76 total) MPRP 71, United Party 4, MSDP 1
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<item>• <hi format=ital>note:</hi> the People's Small Hural no longer exists
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<item><hi format=bold>Judicial branch:</hi> Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts
<item><hi format=bold>Political parties and leaders:</hi> Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, secretary general; Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL, general coordinator; National Progress Party (NPP), S. BYAMBAA and Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders; Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders; Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D. ZORIGT, leader; United Party of Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP); Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP), D. GANBOLD, chairman; Mongolian Social Democratic Party (MSDP), B. BATBAYAR, chairman; Mongolian Conservative Party, O. ZOYA; Mongolian Green Party (MGP), M. GANBAT
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<item>• <hi format=ital>note:</hi> opposition parties were legalized in May 1990
<item>• <hi format=ital>mailing address:</hi> Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Ring Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002
<item>• <hi format=ital>telephone:</hi> [976] (1) 329095 through 329606
<item><hi format=bold>Flag:</hi> three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo"—a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)